Las Meninas, Diego Vel zquez, 1656, shows a princess watching her unseen parents as Vel zquez paints them; the cross on his chest was added later, according to legend painted by the king himself, after the artist received the Order of Santiago in 1659 (click on image and run cursor over to identify figures).
A court painter was an artist who painted for the members of a royal or noble family, sometimes on a fixed salary and on an exclusive basis where the artist was not supposed to undertake other work. Especially in the late Middle Ages, they were often given the office of valet de chambre. Usually they were given a salary and formal title, and often a pension for life, though arrangements were very variable. For the artist, a court appointment had the advantage of freeing them from the restriction of local painters' guilds, although in the Middle Ages and Renaissance they also often had to spend large amounts of time doing decorative work about the palace, and creating temporary works for court entertainments and displays. In England the role of Serjeant Painter was set up for this, leaving the "King's painter" (and the queen's) free to paint mostly portraits. See category of Italian art collectors for lists that included non-aristocratic patrons. Some artists, like Jan van Eyck or Diego Vel zquez, were used in other capacities at court, as diplomats functionaries, or administrators.
In Islamic cultures, especially between the 14th and 17th centuries, similar arrangements operated for miniaturists and artists in other media. In the Persian miniature, the shah and other rulers typically maintained a "court workshop" or "atelier", of calligraphers, miniaturists, binders and other crafts, usually managed by the royal librarian. More than in the West, the courts were the essential patrons of large-scale commissions, and political changes, or changes in personal tastes, could have a significant effect on the development of a style. The name by which Riza Abbasi is usually known includes the honorific title "Abbasi", which he and others were given by Shah Abbas I of Persia to associate them with their patron. Abd as-Samad, a Persian painter who moved to the Mughal Empire, was given a number of significant administrative jobs, as indeed was his artist son. The court remained the focus of patronage of painting in the "sub-Mughal" princely courts of India, whether Muslim or Hindu.
At many periods rulers owned or controlled royal workshops or factories making high-quality tapestries, porcelain or pottery, silks and other types of object. This was especially the case in China and in the Byzantine Empire. Often court artists worked on the designs for these products; for example the finest carpets of Persia, Ottoman Turkey and Mughal India reflect very closely developments in style found in other media such as Ottoman illumination, and it is usually assumed that designs were sent to the weavers from the court. The same process can be better documented in 17th century France, where the court painter Charles Le Brun was director of the royal Gobelins Manufactory, then producing far more than just tapestries, and also designed the royal commissions from the private Savonnerie manufactory of carpets. Le Brun dominated, and largely created, the style found throughout Louis XIV's palaces, which was then hugely influential in France and throughout Europe.
Incomplete list of court painters (A-Z)
Painter |
Nationality |
Court |
Jacopo Amigoni |
Italian |
Ferdinand VI of Spain |
Friedrich von Amerling |
Austrian |
Franz Joseph I of Austria |
Ferdinand Bauer |
Austrian |
Prince of Liechtenstein |
Wu Bin |
Chinese |
Ming Dynasty |
Bishandas |
Indian |
Jahangir |
Francis Bourgeois |
English |
George III of the United Kingdom |
Agnolo di Cosimo |
Italian |
Medici |
Giovanni Maria delle Piane |
Italian |
Elizabeth Farnese |
Claude Deruet |
French |
Charles V, Duke of Lorraine |
Dosso Dossi |
Italian |
Alphonso I of Ferrara
Ercole II d'Este |
Hans D rer |
German |
Sigismund I of Poland |
Anthony van Dyck |
Flemish |
Charles I of England |
David Kl cker Ehrenstrahl |
Swedish |
Charles XI of Sweden |
Jan van Eyck |
Flemish |
Philip of Charolais |
Domenico Fetti |
Italian |
Gonzaga |
Jean Fouquet |
French |
Louis XI of France |
Francisco Goya |
Spanish |
Charles III of Spain
Charles IV of Spain
Ferdinand VII of Spain |
Carl Haag |
Anglo-German |
Queen Victoria
Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |
George Hayter |
English |
Queen Victoria |
Hans Holbein the Younger |
German |
Henry VIII of England |
Hyewon |
Korean |
Joseon Dynasty |
Jens Juel |
Danish |
Christian VII of Denmark |
Abdulcelil Levni |
Turkish |
Mustafa II
Ahmed III |
Louis-Michel van Loo |
French |
Philip V of Spain |
Andrea Mantegna |
Italian |
Mantua |
Tosa Mitsuoki |
Japanese |
Edo |
Uemura Sh en |
Japanese |
Emperor Sh wa |
Bernard van Orley |
Flemish |
Margaret of Austria
Maria of Austria |
Francesco Raibolini |
Italian |
Mantua |
Peter Paul Rubens |
Flemish |
Vincenzo I of Gonzaga
Philip IV of Spain |
Rachel Ruysch |
Dutch |
Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine |
Louis de Silvestre |
French |
King Augustus II of Poland
Augustus III of Poland |
Pieter Snayers |
Flemish |
Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria |
Titian |
Italian |
Charles V of Spain
Philip II of Spain |
Diego Vel zquez |
Spanish |
Philip IV of Spain |
Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen |
Dutch |
Margaret of Austria |
Zhang Zeduan |
Chinese |
Northern Song Dynasty |
Sofonisba Anguissola |
Italian |
Philip II of Spain |
See also
- Artists of the Tudor Court
References
- Michael Levey, Painting at Court, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, 1971
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